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31/03/2022
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Nguyen, D. N., & Uong, T. N. L. (2022). The impact of HRM practices on organizational commitment and job satisfaction of civil servants in Hanoi. Journal of International Economics and Management, 22(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.38203/jiem.022.1.0042
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The impact of HRM practices on organizational commitment and job satisfaction of civil servants in Hanoi
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the impact of human resource management practices on organizational commitment and job satisfaction of civil servants in Hanoi. The data for the study were collected from a survey of 384 civil servants. The structural equation modeling was applied to evaluate the impact of human resource management practices on job satisfaction and three components of organizational commitment, namely affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment, and the relationship between these components with job satisfaction. The results show a positive relationship between human resource management practices and job satisfaction and three components of organizational commitment. Furthermore, three components of organizational commitment are positively associated with the job satisfaction of civil servants in Hanoi. Based on the results of this study, some significant implications for organizations in the public sector are proposed to enhance their employees’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Keywords
HRM practices, Organizational commitment, Job satisfaction
References
Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1991), “A three-component conceptualization of organizational
commitment”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 61 - 89.
Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1996), “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the
organization: an examination of construct validity”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 49
No. 3, pp. 252 - 276.
Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and
recommended two-step approach”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 411 - 423.
Anh, P.T. and Dao, N.T.H. (2013), “Human resource management and employee commitment to
enterprise”, VNU Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 24 - 34.
Armstrong, M. (2008), Strategic human resource management: a guide to action, 4th ed., Kogan Page Business Books, London.
Benkhoff, B. (1997), “Disentangling organizational commitment: the dangers of the OCQ for research and policy”, Personnel Review, Vol. 26 No. 1/2, pp. 114 - 131.
Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2011), Strategy and human resource management, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, New York.
Carmines, E.G. and McIver, J.P. (1981), “Analysing models with unobserved variables: analysis of covariance structures”, in Bohrnstedt, G.W. and Borgatta, E.F. (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp. 65 - 115.
Currivan, D.B. (1999), “The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 195 - 224.
Dung, T.K. (2005), Human resource management, Statistical Publisher, Ho Chi Minh City.
Dung, T.K. (2006), “Scale of organizational commitment”, Journal of Economics Development,
No. 184, pp. 1 - 11.
Dung, T.K. (2011), Human resource management, General Publisher, Ho Chi Minh City.
Dung, T.K. and Ly, V.M. (2006), “The influence of human resource management practices on the
performance of small and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of Economics Development, No. 189, pp. 40 - 42.
Dung, T.K., Anh, T.T.L., Linh, B.T.P., Loan, N.T., Trang, H.T.T., My, T.T.G. and Uyen, P.T.N. (2017),
“Impact structure of human resource management practices on business results of enterprises”, Journal of Economics Development, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 84 - 100.
Duong, V.T.T. (2013), Impact of human resource management practices on job satisfaction of joint stock commercial bank employees in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Ellickson, M.C. and Logsdon, K. (2001), “Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees”, State and Local Government Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 173 - 184.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable
variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39 - 50.
Fu, W., Deshpande, S.P. and Zhao, X. (2011), “The impact of ethical behavior and facets of job
satisfaction on organizational commitment of Chinese employees”, Journal of Business Ethics,
Vol. 104 No. 4, pp. 537 - 543.
Gaertner, K.N. and Nollen, S.D. (1989), “Career experiences, perceptions of employment practices, and psychological commitment to the organization”, Human Relations, Vol. 42 No. 11, pp. 975 - 991.
General Statistics Office. (2020), “The data of employment and labour”, Available at https://
www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/?pxid=V0235&theme=D%C3%A2n%20s%E1%BB%91%20 v%C3%A0%20lao%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng (Accessed 01 October, 2021).
Guest, D. (1995), “Human resource management, trade unions and industrial relations”, in Storey, J. (Ed.), Human Resource Management, Routledge, London, pp. 110 - 141.
Ha, D.T.N. (2010), The effect of job satisfaction on employee engagement with the organization at trucking units in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Hair, J.F.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998), Multivariate data analysis, 5th ed., Prentice Hall College Div, Upper Saddle River.
Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L. and Kuppelwieser, V. (2014), “Partial least squares structural
equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool for business research”, European Business Review, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 106 - 121.
Hirschfeld, R.R. (2000), “Validity studies: does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of
the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire short form make a difference?”, Educational Psychological Measurement, Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 255 - 270.
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1 - 55.
Jawaad, M., Amir, A., Bashir, A. and Hasan, T. (2019), “Human resource practices and organizational commitment: the mediating role of job satisfaction in emerging economy”, Cogent Business & Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1 - 22.
Jimoh, O. and Abdulkadir, D.S. (2011), “Strategic human resource management and organizational performance in the Nigerian manufacturing sector: an empirical investigation”, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6 No. 9, pp. 46 - 56.
Khera, S.N. (2010), “Human resource practices and their impact on employee productivity: a perceptual analysis of private, public and foreign bank employees in India”, DSM Business Review, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 146 - 162.
Kinicki, A.J., Carson, K.P. and Bohlander, G.W. (1992), “Relationship between an organization’s actual human resource efforts and employee attitudes”, Group & Organizational Management, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 135 - 152.
Laka-Mathebula, M.R. (2004), Modeling the relationship between organizational commitment, leadership style, human resource management practices and organizational trust, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria.
Long, N.H. (2010), Impact of human resource management practices on job satisfaction of Vietnamese national flight attendants (Vietnam Airlines), Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Majumder, M.T.H. (2012), “Human resource management practices and employees’ satisfaction
towards private banking sector in Bangladesh”, International Review of Management and
Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 52 - 58.
Meyer, J.P., Paunonen, S.V., Gellatly, I.R., Goffin, R.D. and Jackson, D.N. (1989), “Organizational commitment and job performance: it’s the nature of the commitment that counts”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 74 No. 1, pp. 152 - 156.
Minh, N.T.H. (2013), The impact of human resource management practices on organizational commitment of employees at enterprises downsizing production and business in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Morrison, E.W. (1996), “Organizational citizenship behavior as a critical link between HRM practices and service quality”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 493 - 512.
Mowday, R., Porter, L. and Steers, R. (1982), Employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover, Academic Press, New York.
Nam, N.D. and Lan, U.T.N. (2021), “Cac yeu to anh huong den su hai long trong cong viec va su cam ket gan bo voi to chuc cua can bo cong chuc tai co quan cung ung dich vu cong: nghien cuu tai Tong cuc Thuy san Viet Nam”, Tap chi Quan ly va Kinh te quoc te, So 141, tr. 121 - 142.
Nancy, Q. (2013), The impact of HRM practices on organizational performance: the case study of some selected rural banks, Master thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Ngoc, N.T.B. (2016), Impact of factors of human resource management practices on employee commitment to research organizations in Binh Dinh province, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994), “The assessment of reliability”, Psychometric Theory, Vol. 3, pp. 248 - 292.
Pasaoglu, D. and Tonus, H.Z. (2014), “Strategic importance of human resource practices on job satisfaction in private hospitals”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 150, pp. 394 - 403.
Petrescu, A.I. and Simmons, R. (2008), “Human resource management practices and workers’ job satisfaction”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 651 - 667.
Pfeffer, J. (1998), “Seven practices of successful organizations”, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 96 - 124.
Price, J.L. (1997), “Handbook of organizational measurement”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 18 No. 4/5/6, pp. 303 - 558.
Rahman, M.M. and Chowdhury, M.S. (2012), “Job satisfaction and teachers’ turnover: a study on private universities in Bangladesh”, Bangladesh Research Publications Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 142 - 152.
Rahman, M.M., Uddin, M.J. and Mia, M.A.S. (2013), “The role of human resource management
practices on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Bangladesh - A comparative analysis”, Journal of Faculty of Business Administration, No. 9 No. 1/2, pp. 1 - 13.
Saleem, I. and Khurshid, A. (2014), “Do human resource practices affect employee performance?”, Pakistan Business Review, No. 15, pp. 669 - 688.
Sempane, M., Rieger, H. and Roodt, G. (2002), “Job satisfaction in relation to organizational culture”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, No. 28, pp. 23 - 30.
Sendogdu, A.A., Kocabacak, A. and Guven, S. (2013), “The relationship between human resource management practices and organizational commitment: a field study”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 818 - 827.
Shahid, A. and Azhar, S.M. (2013), “Gaining employee commitment: linking to organizational effectiveness”, Journal of Management Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 250 - 268.
Shore, L.M. and Wayne, S.J. (1993), “Commitment and employee behavior: comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78 No. 5, pp. 774 - 780.
Slatten, T. (2008), “Antecedents and effects of emotional satisfaction on employee-perceived service quality”, Journal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 370 - 386.
Son, T.N. (2017), Impact of human resource management activities on intention to quit through public service motivation and job satisfaction of part-time officials in commune, Hoc Mon district, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Spector, P.E. (1997), Job satisfaction: application, assessment, causes, and consequences, Sage Publication Inc., Thousand Oaks.
Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Van Trijp, H. (1991), “The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 8, pp. 283 - 299.
Steijn, B. (2004), “Human resource management and job satisfaction in the Dutch public sector”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 291 - 303.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2007), Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed., Pearson, Boston.
Tam, T.V. (2013), The influence of job satisfaction on employee engagement in the organization at joint stock commercial bank in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Vandenberg, R.J. and Lance, C. (1992), “Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment”, Journal of Management, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 153 - 167.
Wright, P.M. and Snell, S.A. (1998), “Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 756 - 772.
commitment”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 61 - 89.
Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1996), “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the
organization: an examination of construct validity”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 49
No. 3, pp. 252 - 276.
Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and
recommended two-step approach”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 411 - 423.
Anh, P.T. and Dao, N.T.H. (2013), “Human resource management and employee commitment to
enterprise”, VNU Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 24 - 34.
Armstrong, M. (2008), Strategic human resource management: a guide to action, 4th ed., Kogan Page Business Books, London.
Benkhoff, B. (1997), “Disentangling organizational commitment: the dangers of the OCQ for research and policy”, Personnel Review, Vol. 26 No. 1/2, pp. 114 - 131.
Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2011), Strategy and human resource management, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, New York.
Carmines, E.G. and McIver, J.P. (1981), “Analysing models with unobserved variables: analysis of covariance structures”, in Bohrnstedt, G.W. and Borgatta, E.F. (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, pp. 65 - 115.
Currivan, D.B. (1999), “The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 195 - 224.
Dung, T.K. (2005), Human resource management, Statistical Publisher, Ho Chi Minh City.
Dung, T.K. (2006), “Scale of organizational commitment”, Journal of Economics Development,
No. 184, pp. 1 - 11.
Dung, T.K. (2011), Human resource management, General Publisher, Ho Chi Minh City.
Dung, T.K. and Ly, V.M. (2006), “The influence of human resource management practices on the
performance of small and medium-sized enterprises”, Journal of Economics Development, No. 189, pp. 40 - 42.
Dung, T.K., Anh, T.T.L., Linh, B.T.P., Loan, N.T., Trang, H.T.T., My, T.T.G. and Uyen, P.T.N. (2017),
“Impact structure of human resource management practices on business results of enterprises”, Journal of Economics Development, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 84 - 100.
Duong, V.T.T. (2013), Impact of human resource management practices on job satisfaction of joint stock commercial bank employees in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Ellickson, M.C. and Logsdon, K. (2001), “Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees”, State and Local Government Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 173 - 184.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable
variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 39 - 50.
Fu, W., Deshpande, S.P. and Zhao, X. (2011), “The impact of ethical behavior and facets of job
satisfaction on organizational commitment of Chinese employees”, Journal of Business Ethics,
Vol. 104 No. 4, pp. 537 - 543.
Gaertner, K.N. and Nollen, S.D. (1989), “Career experiences, perceptions of employment practices, and psychological commitment to the organization”, Human Relations, Vol. 42 No. 11, pp. 975 - 991.
General Statistics Office. (2020), “The data of employment and labour”, Available at https://
www.gso.gov.vn/px-web-2/?pxid=V0235&theme=D%C3%A2n%20s%E1%BB%91%20 v%C3%A0%20lao%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng (Accessed 01 October, 2021).
Guest, D. (1995), “Human resource management, trade unions and industrial relations”, in Storey, J. (Ed.), Human Resource Management, Routledge, London, pp. 110 - 141.
Ha, D.T.N. (2010), The effect of job satisfaction on employee engagement with the organization at trucking units in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Hair, J.F.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998), Multivariate data analysis, 5th ed., Prentice Hall College Div, Upper Saddle River.
Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L. and Kuppelwieser, V. (2014), “Partial least squares structural
equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool for business research”, European Business Review, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 106 - 121.
Hirschfeld, R.R. (2000), “Validity studies: does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of
the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire short form make a difference?”, Educational Psychological Measurement, Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 255 - 270.
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
conventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1 - 55.
Jawaad, M., Amir, A., Bashir, A. and Hasan, T. (2019), “Human resource practices and organizational commitment: the mediating role of job satisfaction in emerging economy”, Cogent Business & Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1 - 22.
Jimoh, O. and Abdulkadir, D.S. (2011), “Strategic human resource management and organizational performance in the Nigerian manufacturing sector: an empirical investigation”, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6 No. 9, pp. 46 - 56.
Khera, S.N. (2010), “Human resource practices and their impact on employee productivity: a perceptual analysis of private, public and foreign bank employees in India”, DSM Business Review, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 146 - 162.
Kinicki, A.J., Carson, K.P. and Bohlander, G.W. (1992), “Relationship between an organization’s actual human resource efforts and employee attitudes”, Group & Organizational Management, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 135 - 152.
Laka-Mathebula, M.R. (2004), Modeling the relationship between organizational commitment, leadership style, human resource management practices and organizational trust, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria.
Long, N.H. (2010), Impact of human resource management practices on job satisfaction of Vietnamese national flight attendants (Vietnam Airlines), Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Majumder, M.T.H. (2012), “Human resource management practices and employees’ satisfaction
towards private banking sector in Bangladesh”, International Review of Management and
Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 52 - 58.
Meyer, J.P., Paunonen, S.V., Gellatly, I.R., Goffin, R.D. and Jackson, D.N. (1989), “Organizational commitment and job performance: it’s the nature of the commitment that counts”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 74 No. 1, pp. 152 - 156.
Minh, N.T.H. (2013), The impact of human resource management practices on organizational commitment of employees at enterprises downsizing production and business in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Morrison, E.W. (1996), “Organizational citizenship behavior as a critical link between HRM practices and service quality”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 493 - 512.
Mowday, R., Porter, L. and Steers, R. (1982), Employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover, Academic Press, New York.
Nam, N.D. and Lan, U.T.N. (2021), “Cac yeu to anh huong den su hai long trong cong viec va su cam ket gan bo voi to chuc cua can bo cong chuc tai co quan cung ung dich vu cong: nghien cuu tai Tong cuc Thuy san Viet Nam”, Tap chi Quan ly va Kinh te quoc te, So 141, tr. 121 - 142.
Nancy, Q. (2013), The impact of HRM practices on organizational performance: the case study of some selected rural banks, Master thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Ngoc, N.T.B. (2016), Impact of factors of human resource management practices on employee commitment to research organizations in Binh Dinh province, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994), “The assessment of reliability”, Psychometric Theory, Vol. 3, pp. 248 - 292.
Pasaoglu, D. and Tonus, H.Z. (2014), “Strategic importance of human resource practices on job satisfaction in private hospitals”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 150, pp. 394 - 403.
Petrescu, A.I. and Simmons, R. (2008), “Human resource management practices and workers’ job satisfaction”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 651 - 667.
Pfeffer, J. (1998), “Seven practices of successful organizations”, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 96 - 124.
Price, J.L. (1997), “Handbook of organizational measurement”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 18 No. 4/5/6, pp. 303 - 558.
Rahman, M.M. and Chowdhury, M.S. (2012), “Job satisfaction and teachers’ turnover: a study on private universities in Bangladesh”, Bangladesh Research Publications Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 142 - 152.
Rahman, M.M., Uddin, M.J. and Mia, M.A.S. (2013), “The role of human resource management
practices on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Bangladesh - A comparative analysis”, Journal of Faculty of Business Administration, No. 9 No. 1/2, pp. 1 - 13.
Saleem, I. and Khurshid, A. (2014), “Do human resource practices affect employee performance?”, Pakistan Business Review, No. 15, pp. 669 - 688.
Sempane, M., Rieger, H. and Roodt, G. (2002), “Job satisfaction in relation to organizational culture”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, No. 28, pp. 23 - 30.
Sendogdu, A.A., Kocabacak, A. and Guven, S. (2013), “The relationship between human resource management practices and organizational commitment: a field study”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 818 - 827.
Shahid, A. and Azhar, S.M. (2013), “Gaining employee commitment: linking to organizational effectiveness”, Journal of Management Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 250 - 268.
Shore, L.M. and Wayne, S.J. (1993), “Commitment and employee behavior: comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78 No. 5, pp. 774 - 780.
Slatten, T. (2008), “Antecedents and effects of emotional satisfaction on employee-perceived service quality”, Journal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 370 - 386.
Son, T.N. (2017), Impact of human resource management activities on intention to quit through public service motivation and job satisfaction of part-time officials in commune, Hoc Mon district, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Spector, P.E. (1997), Job satisfaction: application, assessment, causes, and consequences, Sage Publication Inc., Thousand Oaks.
Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Van Trijp, H. (1991), “The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 8, pp. 283 - 299.
Steijn, B. (2004), “Human resource management and job satisfaction in the Dutch public sector”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 291 - 303.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2007), Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed., Pearson, Boston.
Tam, T.V. (2013), The influence of job satisfaction on employee engagement in the organization at joint stock commercial bank in Ho Chi Minh City, Master thesis, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City.
Vandenberg, R.J. and Lance, C. (1992), “Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment”, Journal of Management, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 153 - 167.
Wright, P.M. and Snell, S.A. (1998), “Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 756 - 772.