A state-of-the-art review of tourist decision-making literature
Main Article Content
Abstract
Decision-making theories in tourism can be classified into three groups based on their underlined assumptions: rational choice, affect-driven and dual-process theories. Rational choice theories are the dominant framework in many fields including economics, political science, finance, and marketing. Consumers are considered as “rational-decision-makers” who evaluate available options by rational thinking. In contrast, the affec-driven theories assume that tourists are hedonic decision-makers and their choice is influencedand guided by affective factors (i.e., emotions, feelings). Dual-process theories reconcile these two opposite approaches by proposing a dual-system of decision making: System 1 related to automatic, emotional, non-conscious process, and System 2 involving rational thinking (Evans, 2008). This review paper provides a general picture of how tourism decision-making literature has been developed with a focus on the latest advancement, dual-system theories. Tourism marketers may find this paper beneficial in understanding tourist behaviours, in particular, tourists’ destination choice. By advancing our knowledge of tourist decisionmaking, this paper provides useful guidelines for tourism marketers to develop better marketing initiatives...
Article Details
Keywords
Tourist behaviour, decision-making, dual-system, destination choice, marketing
References
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2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
3. Bagozzi, R., Baumgartner, H., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2000). The role of emotions in goal-directed behavior. In S. Ratneshwar, D. Mick, & H. Cynthia (Eds.), The why of consumption: Contemporary perspectives on consumer motives, goals, and desires (pp. 3658). USA: Routledge.
4. Bagozzi, R., Belanche, D., Casaló, L., & Flavián, C. (2016). The Role of Anticipated Emotions in Purchase Intentions. Psychology & Marketing, 33(8), 629-645.
5. Bagozzi, R., Dholakia, U., & Basuroy, S. (2003). How effortful decisions get enacted: The motivating role of decision processes, desires, and anticipated emotions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16(4), 273-295.
6. Bagozzi, R., Gopinath, M., & Nyer, P. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 27(2), 184-206.
7. Bagozzi, R., & Pieters, R. (1998). Goal-directed emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 12(1), 1-26.
8. Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., DeWall, N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167-203.
9. Bechara, A. (2004). The role of emotion in decision-making: evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and cognition, 55(1), 30-40.
10. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
11. Bechara, A., Noel, X., & Crone, E. (2006). Loss of willpower: abnormal neural mechanisms of impulse control and decision making in addiction. In W. Reinout & S. Alan (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 215-232). USA: SAGE publications.
12. Bell, D. (1982). Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations research, 30(5), 961-981.
13. Bell, D. (1985). Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. Operations research, 33(1), 1-27.
14. Carrera, P., Caballero, A., & Munoz, D. (2012). Future-oriented emotions in the prediction of binge-drinking intention and expectation: the role of anticipated and anticipatory emotions. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 53(3), 273-279.
15. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(5), 752-766.
16. Chaiken, S., & Ledgerwood, A. (2011). A theory of heuristic and systematic information processing. In P. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology: Volume one (pp. 246-166). UK: Sage Publications Ltd.
17. Chang, H., & Pham, M. (2013). Affect as a decision-making system of the present. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(1), 42-63.
18. Chen, J. (2003). Market segmentation by tourists’ sentiments. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 178-193. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00046-4
19. Chun, H., Patrick, V., & MacInnis, D. (2007). Making prudent vs. impulsive choices: the role of anticipated shame and guilt on consumer self-control. In G. Fitzsimons & V. Duluth (Eds.), NA-Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 34, pp. 715-719): MN : Association for Consumer Research.
20. Clawson, M., & Knetsch, J. (1966). Economics of outdoor education: Baltimore MD: John Hopkins Press.
21. Cohen, S., Prayag, G., & Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(10), 872-909.
22. Crompton, J. (1992). Structure of vacation destination choice sets. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(3), 420-434.
23. Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, rationality and the human brain. New York: Putnam
24. Decrop, A. (2010). Destination choice sets: An inductive longitudinal approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 93-115.
25. Decrop, A., & Kozak, M. (2009). Decision strategies in tourism evaluation. In M. Kozak & A. Decrop (Eds.), Handbook of tourist behavior: Theory & practice (pp. 69-82). UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis group.
26. Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2004). Planning the summer vacation: An adaptable process. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 1008-1030.
27. DeWall, N., Baumeister, R., Chester, D., & Bushman, B. (2015). How often does currently felt emotion predict social behavior and judgment? A meta-analytic test of two theories. Emotion Review, 8(2), 136-143. doi:10.1177/1754073915572690
28. Engel, J., Kollat, D., & Blackwell, R. (1968). Consumer behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
29. Epstein, S., & Pacini, R. (1999). Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dualprocess theories in social psychology (pp. 462-482). USA: The Guilford Press.
30. Evans, J. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(3), 378-395.
31. Evans, J. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 255-278.
32. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2), 130-132.
33. Fong, C., & Wyer Jr, R. (2003). Cultural, social, and emotional determinants of decisions under uncertainty. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(2), 304-322. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00528-9
34. Forgas, J. (1995). Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological bulletin, 117(1), 39-66.
35. Gnoth, J. (1997). Tourism motivation and expectation formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 283-304.
36. Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American journal of health promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
37. Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301-321.
38. Han, H., Hsu, L.-T., & Sheu, C. (2010). Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism Management, 31(3), 325-334. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.013
39. Han, S., Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal-Tendency Framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(3), 158-168. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70023-2
40. Holbrook, M. (1986). Emotion in the consumption experience: toward a new model of the human consumer. The role of affect in consumer behavior: Emerging theories and applications, 6(23), 17-52.
41. Holbrook, M., & Hirschman, E. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132-140.
42. Howard, J. (1963). Marketing management: Analysis and planning. New York: RD Irwin.
43. Howard, J., & Sheth, J. (1969). The theory of buyer behavior. New York: John Wiley.
44. Hunter, G. (2006). The role of anticipated emotion, desire, and intention in the relationship between image and shopping center visits. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(10), 709-721.
45. Hyde, K., Woodside, A., Crouch, G., Mazanec, J., Oppermann, M., & Sakai, M. (1999). A hedonic perspective on independent vacation planning, decision-making and behaviour. Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure., 177-209.
46. Jun, S.-H., & Vogt, C. (2013). Travel information processing applying a dual-process model. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 191-212.
47. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
48. Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press
49. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 47(2), 263-292.
50. Kim, Y., Njite, D., & Hancer, M. (2013). Anticipated emotion in consumers’ intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 255-262. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.004
51. Kwortnik, R., & Ross, W. (2007). The role of positive emotions in experiential decisions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(4), 324-335.
52. Lam, T., & Hsu, C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589-599.
53. Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A New Approach to Consumer Theory. The Journal of Political Economy, 74(2), 132-157.
54. Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 473-493.
55. Lerner, J., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual review of psychology, 66, 799-823.
56. Lieberman, M. D. (2003). A social cognitive neuroscience approach. In J. Forgas, K. Williams, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 44-67). UK: Cambridge University Press.
57. Litvin, S. W. (2008). Sensation seeking and its measurement for tourism research. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 440-445.
58. Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. Handbook of affective science, 619(642), 3.
59. Loewenstein, G., Weber, E., Hsee, C., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological bulletin, 127(2), 267.
60. Loomes, G., & Sugden, R. (1982). Regret theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. The Economic Journal, 92(368), 805-824.
61. Loomes, G., & Sugden, R. (1986). Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty. The Review of Economic Studies, 53(2), 271-282.
62. March, R., & Woodside, A. (2005). Testing theory of planned versus realized tourism behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 905-924. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.012
63. McCabe, S., & Chen, Z. (2015). Time for a Radical Reappraisal of Tourist Decision Making? Toward a New Conceptual Model. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 3-15.
64. Mellers, B., & McGraw, P. (2001). Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 210-214.
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